George Percival Auld Quotes
It does not seem reasonable to expect that on the grounds of being responsible for the war [WWI] they [Germany] will spontaneously pay crushing taxes to meet the reparation debt…. A tremendous debt has to be paid and powerful motives to that end are essential… in view of the calamity which has overtaken ex-enemy and Allied nations alike, German responsibility for the war cannot satisfy the Allied peoples as being the only criterion by which to measure the effort which the German people ought to make. The problem of Europe is how to preserve Germany as well as France…. If we really appreciated how deeply the war ate into the economic and social fabric of Europe we would be content for some years with a continuing system of partial moratoria aimed at keeping both debtor and creditor alive.
The Germans, having invaded France and other countries in WWI, were determined in the Treaty of Versailles to be responsible for the war. They were to pay reparations to France and other countries to cover the costs to those countries of financing the war and rebuilding what the German invasion destroyed. But Germany too was destitute and needed capital to rebuild and if they paid the reparations whey would have to lay a very heavy tax on all Germans and still would not have enough to rebuild their nation and economy. What made the situation much worse was the fact that most of the wealthy German capitalists—many of whom had profited from supplying military weapons and supplies during the war—took all their money out of Germany, so the wealthiest Germans could not be taxed much at all. Auld, and many others tried to find an equitable solution, but that never happened and German resentment carried over into WWII where the Germans again invaded France.
George Percival Auld, 1881-1962, Economist & Political Essayist, “The Reparation Problem Today”, Foreign Affairs, March 1924
Sourced by: Eigen's Political and Historical Quotations
Their fear was that wages in Germany would be greatly depressed by the requirement for reparations. And it was the capitalists of the world that had loaned money to the powers to finance the war. Most of the reparations they feared would go to repay those loans.
After WWI, the Germans were reluctant to make the reparation payments that they had agreed to in the peace treaty. The French, to “motivate” the Germans, occupied the German Ruhr Valley—an area that contained very important German heavy industry and coal mines that could not function under the occupation. See {640091}.
Britain was mired in Iraq. They had, as the U. S. would do about 80 years later, gone into Iraq without a viable exist strategy.
Leval was an appeaser and a collaborator with the Nazi’s. He led the government in name but the Germans really controlled the country. His actions killed tens of thousands of French men and women by turning them over to the Germans. After the Germans were defeated in WWII, Leval was shot as a traitor by the Free French forces. See {587231}, {587228} and {587230}.
This was the classic German method of invading a neutral country. First they claim that they have good information that their enemy, in this case France, is going to March through Belgium to attack Germany. Then they state that the Belgians are too weak to prevent this breach of their neutrality. Therefore, Germany as an act of “self defense” must send troops into Belgium to repel the French. The Belgians of course objected and stated that they would maintain their neutrality (see {613959} ) but the Germans then invaded the next day and could not understand why the world considered it aggression.
Hitler ridiculed the letter after receiving it in public speech.
Although an ordained Methodist Minister, the Methodist Episcopal Church refused to allow her to preach.
The Germans pretended to maintain the treaty and when the French totally evacuated the Rhineland, Hitler started his preparation for WWII and a little later invaded France. Clemenceau had been snookered.
The railroads were nationalized for WWI and he ran them all as a government official. There have been political situations like this one where public opinion was so intense and extreme that any action that satisfied public opinion would have very negative aspects and/or be unrealistic or impossible while realistic solutions are unacceptable to public opinion. Usually, the reaction of the politicians is to punt and simply not deal with the issue or problem but claim that they are seeking a solution.
On that single day, 27,000 French Soldiers were killed in battle. The French Generals, with little understanding of the then modern weapons and their power, sent whole divisions on a bayonet charge and they were just mowed down by the latest German versions of machine guns. They assumed that if they failed to take a German position defended by machine guns, it was only because they had not sent enough men to make the charge. Each successive failure produced another charge with even more men.
The "Rhenish Republic" only lasted for a few days. Although if the Allies had allowed the Rhinelanders to separate, the Prussians who would also form the backbone of the German military in WWII would have been very weakened, only France was very worried about future German aggression. However the French were more motivated by their desire to obtain the money reparations that Germany was required to pay. If Germany had split up into separate independent states which many Germans favored, then the French worried that they would have much more trouble collecting their reparations in the future as the Rhinelanders and other German subgroups really blamed the Prussians for the German aggression and might not feel responsible to make payments. Therefore the Allies did not insist on the separation and the Prussians and many of the right wing were absolutely opposed to it. Interestingly, Konrad Adenauer, then the Chief Bürgermeister of Cologne and later to be the First President of Post WWII West Germany was an enthusiast for the general German separation and the Rhineland Movement in particular of which he was one of the leaders.
Germany had just attacked Russia with whom it had a treaty. For a while, Hitler paid little attention to Italy and just gave their “ally” orders and instructions. Italian public opinion was concerned about the same question. See {627973} .