Peter L. Berger Quotes

At the beginning of the 21st century there were substantial demographic changes in America which eroded the majority historically held in America by White Christians. A smaller proportion of the American population were identifying with any religion. At the same time that Blacks and Hispanics were a larger proportion of new immigrants than were whites. And those minority groups both had a fertility rate that was substantially grater than that of whites. The result was that in the early 21st century the white Christians were losing their majority status in America.

There were several dynamics that contributed to the change. Younger Americans of all persuasions were much more tolerant than previous generations. A much larger proportion of Americans did not identify with any religion. The many Christian sects were very diverse and almost never presented a unified view of exactly what were Christian values for any issue. The tactics of the religious extremists had alienated many people from all religious efforts to shape, much less dominate, the norms and culture. Finally, the Courts and the Politicians began to take the separation of church and state much more seriously than and been the case in many past generations.

In the last centuries, Egypt has been intellectually more advanced than the other Arab countries. It has a significant number of modernists who oppose religious influences on Government. During the Arab Spring when the old regime was ousted, the modernists had hopes that a modern democracy would be formed that was not controlled of even significantly influences by religious leaders and where women would have equal rights. However, the first election the Muslim Brotherhood, a religious party won, and then tried to institute Islamic law—Sharia. A coup ousted the Muslim Brotherhood, and then many dreamed again of a modern, non-sexist, secular democracy. Professor Ajami tried to give them a more realistic view.

The Ataturk reforms modernized Turkey and turned it into the most modern and democratic of the Islamic countries. However, there were always forces and populist governments that tried to erode the Ataturk reforms—especially secularism.

This quotation illustrated the extreme polarization between the current fundamentalist Muslims, and the Muslim modernists and the West. Kamal Ataturk, the great leader and stateman who is the father of modern Turkey, is castigated by the author for leading the new Turkish parliament to depose the Caliph – the civil and religious autocrat, one of whom reigned from after the death of Muhammad till his abolishment in 1924. Most of the rest of the world credits Ataturk with being one of the great leaders of all time—one who led a democratic revolution which transformed Turkey into the only Muslim secular democracy, requiring pubic secular European type education for all children, giving women the right to vote (before the U. S. even), adopting a European alphabet and dress, and outlook on life—creating most remarkably a total cultural revolution with virtually no loss of life. No revolutionary leader, before or since has led so extensive a political and cultural revolution, and it was a bloodless revolution. Turkey, into the 21st century, was by far the most powerful, industrialized, scientific and modern nation of Muslims in the world and others were far behind. Yet many Islamic theologian still castigate Atatork for his great achievements as being against the will of God.

Radical as this idea then was, it actually came to pass in Italy and almost all of Europe. In Mexico, the reaction against church property was so great that religions may not even own the ground on which their churches stand.

He was one of the first Islamic thinker to distinguish between the Koran and the requirements of Islam on the one hand and the traditions of the cultures of the Arabian Peninsula on the other. For example, there is no justification anywhere in Islamic theology for the “Honor Killing” of women; it was a long standing tradition of some of the cultures. But many Muslims and non-Muslims believe that the practice is a part of Islam. There are hundreds of other examples and Abduh tried to eradicate the influence of these traditions. He had traditional and extremist opponents in his lifetime as well as today.

This is a remarkable quotation in that it shows us that there was virtual unanimity about the separation of church and state including the various clergy who were in support of it. Yet in the 21st century there was considerable controversy among some fundamentalist groups who sought more religious influence and/or control of government policy and criminal laws.