Marcia L. Fudge Quotes

Malcolm was not an enthusiast of non violent, passive resistance a la Martin Luther King. He did not generally advocate general violence per se, but did preach the doctrine of the 21st century National Rifle Association: That everyone should be armed and use the weapons to thwart criminal attacks on them and their families. However at the time, many police departments commonly broke the law and attacked Blacks in many ways. If Malcolm had more followers there could easily have been armed pitched battles between blacks who had been attacked and police who even if their colleagues had violated the law, would not allow citizen armed defense. The non-violence of King and others, accomplished the objective with relatively few people killed and wounded. They were virtually all Black or white sympathizers however. The racists bore no physical casualties but their culture and way of life was destroyed.

Jury nullification is when the jury believes that the defendant has committed the crime alleged, but acquits anyway because it believes the law is wrong or the defendant acted properly or justly. Most trial judges detest the concept and often tell the jury that they may not engage in the practice. However, there is a long American tradition of jury nullification dating back to colonial America. This quotation shows one of the negative aspects of nullification. See {640833}.

Johnson was the first Black man who won the heavyweight championship at a time when racism in America was rampant. Many whites referred to Jeffries as “The Great White Hope” who would take the champion back for the whites. He didn’t and was beaten badly.

Slogan used to protest the injustice of segregation in the nation’s capital:

Newsletter of the United Sons of Confederate Veterans

Davis was criticizing the civil rights protesters, who were protesting the U.S. Army’s discrimination of four Blacks at Fort Devens in April 1945. Even though Davis himself was Black, he, along with most communists believed that the international problem of Nazism should be treated first and foremost, and without interruption.

Captain W.W. Polk, commanding the Coast Guard revenue cutter Florida, wrote Treasury Secretary asking permission to employ a young Negro on board. Existing regulations prohibited such. The Negro in question was a free Black born in New York who was an “expert sailor for his age and competent to the duty of a boy of the first class.” Polk had hired the boy as a servant after he had worked at sea for another Captain. Good seamen were hard to come by, decision was extremely contentious. Ingham “compromised” by limiting the allowable role of Negroes at sea—a practice that lasted till the Second World War.

Perhaps there is no more dramatic quotation illustrating MacArthur’s arrogance where his own views and decisions should obviously prevail regardless of the policies of his superiors and his commander-in-chief. The army had been officially integrated by President Truman, The reality was that the general honestly believed that he had no superiors among the military, that civilians should not control the military, and in any event that the President—Truman—was not fit to be Commander-in-Chief.

A port of Cuba during the Spanish American War. Congress voted the resolution and the medals were awarded. The significance of this event was that the crew included two Black men, Steward Savage and Cook Moses Jones, were also awarded the medals. While under fire, at their own initiative, the two manned an unprotected gun on deck of the ship and added to the firepower of the effort. The Captain specifically asked that they be included in the heroism award. Stewards and cooks were the only positions allowed to Blacks at the time. See {604418}

Moss and two other blacks had had the temerity to open a grocery store. White competitors attempted to have the city authorities close the store. When that failed, a mob took the three Black owners to the city limits and shot them all to death. Moss was a close friend of Ida B. Wells, and his lynching started her on her no famous anti-lynching expose and campaign. See {44393} for her initial response.

There was no Civil Rights Law during Kennedy’s administration, and Black African diplomats who were driving from New York to Washington would be refused accommodations and amenities at restaurants and rest stops along the way. They often protested to the State Department who approached the President asking what they should tell the diplomats.

He was lecturing to an audience of 1500 Blacks. Darrow was castigated for telling Negroes that they did not have an inherently inferior capacity from whites, This was feared would make them too demanding and insist on unrealistic equality.