Arthur Keith Quotes

Ataturk was a young major at the time commanding troops of a weak and corrupt Ottoman regime. However a combined English and French (the strongest military powers in Europe) invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula threatened to capture the Turkish capital, Constantinople. Ataturk alone rallied the Turkish defenders and fought the invaders to a standoff in long drawn out battle with huge casualties on both sides. Ataturk became a national hero. Although Ataturk thereafter was very reluctant to use military force or endanger troops, the thing he always thought worth the supreme sacrifice (including his own) was the independence and sovereignty of the nation. See {584502} for his continuing belief in this type of sacrifice.

Ataturk had been a military hero, but was very much opposed to war and military adventurism not unlike the Dwight Eisenhower and Colin Powell type leaders. However, the one thing that he thought worth the sacrifice of his own and other Turkish lives was Turkish independence and sovereignty. Historically, the Ottoman Empire which Ataturk finally ended, had dominated half of Europe and all of the Mid East at the cost of sovereignty of other nations and Ataturk saw no more important virtue with dying for than national sovereignty. See {125322} and {584501}.

See Noah Webster and Timothy Pickering for similar positions. The War of 1812 was very unpopular with the New England states. They had the most developed trade with England and were economically injured by the curtailment of that trade. The citizens of Essex wanted to give the State Legislature the most possible moral and political power to negotiate an end to the war.

The Nationalist/Fascist views in the Spanish Civil War were so gross that they actually hurt the Nationalist cause in International opinion. See {592113} for another example. Despite the facts, most of the Western world was not then knowledgeable about the evils of Fascism and distrusted democracy, socialism, and communism more.

Drumbo was morally opposed to war. He also refused to name Hollywood communists to Congressional Committees during the Red Scare. He was then blacklisted from his occupation, screen writing.

The Times regretted that the Germans did not speak to the Austrians more vigorously when they were threatening to attack Serbia who harbored anti-Austro-Hungarian terrorists (see {642085}). What the Times editors did not realize was that the Germans had already made their war plans (see {642092}) and the Serbian issue was just the justification they needed to implement them. So there was no real reason for the Germans to discourage the Austro-Hungarian Empire from its mission to punish Serbia.

The Boers had just a few years before lost their war with the British who were then in control of South Africa. However, the British did not treat the Boers harshly in defeat and most Boers were at the time farmers and land owners who were a major force in democratic South Africa and had much invested in the nation. Others were still resentful of the British. The Boers sided with the British and fought the Germans who had troops and colonies in Africa. Like the Irish, culturally, they were always up for a good fight.

The Germans and Americans did this as a standard practice. The French “history” to which the General referred did not involve machine guns and mortars. The entrenching tool (shovel) was a fundamentally important piece of equipment to the Germans and Americans but not the French at the beginning of WWI. Later in the war, the French finally learned.

Note that even then, De Gaulle’s nationalist ego focused not only on glory but glory that need not be shared. It was always a great strength and a great weakness for him. He and many French officers were so fixed on the glory of beating the Germans, that they did not focus on their ½ million casualties and were not prepared for the German countermeasures that turned the battle from a French victory to a long standoff and stalemate of the “Western Front” where neither side could advance much. Note also that De Gaulle failed to mention the British Expeditionary Force that twice saved the French from being overrun. Denial for the honor of France was always one of De Gaulle’s characteristics. See {642233} for the English commander’s view of the outcome of the Battle of the Marne.

The concept of race then was not what it is today where it is, if anything, a genetic or anthropological distinction. Then race was a combination of blood (genetics) and culture. Wittgenstein, an Austrian by nationality, considered himself German racially. This concept of race was common in 1914 and rose to be absolute in the Nazi era. So the absorption of Austria by Germany did not seem to most Austrians a diminution of anything but a natural recognition of the unity of one people—the German race. Wittgenstein was not alone among intellectual “Germans” who believed the English “race” superior. Their ability to operate a democracy without a powerful leader was considered a great strength as was the diffusion of power and control were both admirable accomplishments which some German intellectuals envied.

With a professionalized all volunteer military, most of whom came from just a few socio-economic strata of our society, wars at the time were fought and the risks and burdens borne by a small part of American society. The rest of society, unlike the Second World War did not experience any change in their style or standard of living.

It is not clear whether their manifesto was written by D’annunzio himself or followers in Fiume the Dictatorial mini-state that he ruled, He was a precursor to the Fascists of Europe and this is the origin of the Fascist glorification of war. Hitler and Mussolini also picked up the dagger as a symbol (see Quotation 643744), the black colored uniforms and the stiff-armed salute from D’annunzio.