ALFRED MARSHALL

Capital is that part of wealth which is devoted to obtaining further wealth.

In every age poets and social reformers have tried to stimulate the people of their own time to a nobler life by enchanting stories of the virtues of the heroes of old.

In the absence of any short term in common use to represent all desirable things, or things that satisfy human wants, we may use the term Goods for that purpose.

And very often the influence exerted on a person's character by the amount of his income is hardly less, if it is less, than that exerted by the way in which it is earned.

Producer's Surplus is a convenient name for the genus of which the rent of land is the leading species.

It is common to distinguish necessaries, comforts, and luxuries; the first class including all things required to meet wants which must be satisfied, while the latter consist of things that meet wants of a less urgent character.

Again, most of the chief distinctions marked by economic terms are differences not of kind but of degree.

Civilized countries generally adopt gold or silver or both as money.

All wealth consists of desirable things; that is, things which satisfy human wants directly or indirectly: but not all desirable things are reckoned as wealth.

But if inventions have increased man's power over nature very much, then the real value of money is better measured for some purposes in labour than in commodities.

All labour is directed towards producing some effect.

The price of every thing rises and falls from time to time and place to place; and with every such change the purchasing power of money changes so far as that thing goes.

Slavery was regarded by Aristotle as an ordinance of nature, and so probably was it by the slaves themselves in olden time.

Material goods consist of useful material things, and of all rights to hold, or use, or derive benefits from material things, or to receive them at a future time.

Consumption may be regarded as negative production.

In common use almost every word has many shades of meaning, and therefore needs to be interpreted by the context.

Individual and national rights to wealth rest on the basis of civil and international law, or at least of custom that has the force of law.

The hope that poverty and ignorance may gradually be extinguished, derives indeed much support from the steady progress of the working classes during the nineteenth century.

The most reckless and treacherous of all theorists is he who professes to let facts and figures speak for themselves.

I admit that these terms and the diagrams connected with them repel some readers, and fill others with the vain imagination that they have mastered difficult economics problems, when really they have done little more than learn the language in which parts of those problems can be expressed, and the machinery by which they can be handled. When the actual conditions of particular problems have not been studied, such knowledge is little better than a derrick for sinking oil-wells erected where there are no oil-bearing strata.

The love for money is only one among many.

We might as well reasonably dispute whether it is the upper or the under blade of a pair of scissors that cuts a piece of paper, as whether value is governed by demand or supply.

The commercial storm leaves its path strewn with ruin. When it is over there is calm, but a dull, heavy calm.

Though a simple book can be written on selected topics, the central doctrines of economics are not simple and cannot be made so.

The most valuable of all capital is that invested in human beings