Foreign Countries, Foreign Governments Quotes
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835-1910
Japan and 7 Western countries had sent military troops to China ostensibly to protect “foreigners” who were the victims of the irrational violence of the Boxer Rebellion--{641726} and {641727}. The Chinese government was unwilling and/or unable to suppress the Boxers--{641838}. Regardless of the justification, this was an act of war—an invasion contrary to international law. The Chinese national forces were not only too weak to take on the Boxers but were no match for the 8 powers’ well equipped military forces. None-the-less, the Empress decided to fight. In the early fighting the Chinese Imperial forces killed the German Minister to China, Baron von Ketteler, thus precipitating full scale war.
Indeed, many of the countries went communist as Kennan predicted.
While this type of modernization had been a theme of her reign, it was particularly fascinating at this time when China had been invaded by Japan and 7 Western Countries, she still argued that the only way for China to thrive and attain true independence was to reform and adopt many Western Ways. Chinese leader after her gave lip service to doing this but never wanted to implement the reforms lest the lose power. Ironically, it was under Communist leader Deng Xiaoping, 1904-1993, that Cixi’s notion of adopting modern Western economic and technological models and approaches was finally implemented and then China made the greatest improvement of any large society ever in a relatively short term. However, Deng stopped short of adopting Western notions of political freedom.
During her adult life, she was the de facto ruler of China. This quotation is very important because it gives us an important insight into Chinese motives and historical drivers. The first reason is something almost all countries and cultures can identify with, but the second--to avoid being looked down—was just as important. Americans are relatively uncaring what the citizens of other countries think about them, but the Chinese do. So do other nationalities and cultures like the Arabs, the Iranians, many of the South American cultures. Often it takes on a different world like “dignity” or “respect”.
In the early days of the Civil War slaves who escaped and reached the Northern lines were routinely returned to their Southern owners as the Fugitive Slave Act required. The first actual emancipation of the Civil war was not the President’s proclamation but was Butler who as a Union General ordered that the slaves escaping from Virginia no longer be returned. He was accused of violating the then existing law, however he had a legal rationale which hoisted Virginia on its own petard.
