Quotas Quotes
The U. S. was very protectionist in its early history. Grant overestimated the time that it would take for us to change by about 100 years.
Gates, a Black man, was one of the leading intellectuals in America. Until relatively recently, most schools had quotas of how many Blacks they would take. Many also had quotas for Jews, Asians and other minorities. It was affirmative action that started the change in racial discrimination in colleges and universities.
Most Americans do not realize that for most of Amrcan history there has been open borders with little or no restrcition on immigration. These that there were tend to be rembered becuse of the populism, nativism and unrest taht went with them.
Describing the ethnic immigration quotas that Congress was debating in 1924: