W. E. B. Du Bois Quotes
Was there ever a nation on God's fair earth civilized from the bottom upward? Never; it is, ever was, and ever will be from the top downward that culture filters. The Talented Tenth rises and pulls all that are worth the saving up to their vantage ground.
Du Bois, W. E. B. "The Talented Tenth." The Negro Problem, James Pott & Company, 1903, p. 45.
Mali was then virtually a failed state where some mid level military seized “control” but had no other objective than to stay in control with no vision of what the country should be. Meanwhile there were several tribal groups that wanted autonomy. International Islamists whose only interest was in instituting Sharia Law and groups of smugglers, kidnappers and other criminals. The military had insufficient skill and power to control the other factions. The political groups lacked enough common vision, military resources and skill or common ethnicity to control or to even defend themselves against the International Islamists who could take over areas of the country but became rapidly unpopular with the traditional secularist leaning Mali Muslims. French and Africa forces rolled back the International Islamists, and there were calls for elections among Americans and other Nations but Lattemont urged caution in relying on elections at this stage of development of a country.
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. After completing graduate work at the Friedrich Wilhelm University (in Berlin, Germany) and Harvard University, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology, and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.