Pius IX Quotes
It is error to believe that Every man is free to embrace and profess that religion which, guided by the light of reason, he shall consider true.
Pius IX. Syllabus of Errors. 8 Dec. 1864, Proposition 15.
The modernity of this ancient leader is striking. For another example see his view on the importance of engendering supportive public opinion: XXX
Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus
Pius IX was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest papal reign. After starting as a liberal he reversed positions and strongly condemned liberalism. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican Council in 1868 and for permanently losing papal control of the Papal States in 1870 to the Kingdom of Italy. He refused to leave Vatican City, declaring himself a "prisoner of the Vatican". His diplomacy mixes many failures with some successes such as Austria-Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Canada, Tuscany, Ecuador, Venezuela, Honduras, El Salvador, and Haiti.