Mathematics Education, Teaching Mathematics Quotes



Napoleon recognized that technology and science were major factors in innovation and economic development and that mathematics was necessary for that and for economics, and therefore placed a great deal of emphasis on mathematics education. He was a fairly competent mathematically himself having been an artillery officer early in his career.


Many of the male mathematicians were already working for the military or defense industries or still in military service. The University Of Pennsylvania Moore School of Engineering was working on trying to design and build a programmable computer that was to be the ENIAC computer. This was one of the very early computer development projects and mathematicians were desired to write the programs to control the computers and make them do something. But at the time, ironically, male mathematicians and engineers, wanted to design and build the computers—all of the early computers were built in a laboratory by scientists and engineers not by workers in a factory. Those were the prestigious and “interesting” jobs. Doing the programming most men assumed would be uninteresting, scut work, and so this project, out of desperation, came up with the radical idea of using women. And so the first computer programmers were mostly women. The irony was that once it became clear how creative and exciting computer programming could be, and its critical importance, the men flooded into the field and a decade later almost everyone thought that computer programming was a man’s profession, and there was a very common bias that women would not make good programmers. However, the people (men) who thought that did not know that the first computer programmer was a woman—Ada Lovelace {641640} and the earliest programming pioneers in America were mostly women.


Several weeks before the Russians launched Sputnik, our team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory asked permission to place a rocket in orbit around the Earth. We could to it with two days of preparation. We had been doing experiments with 2 stage rockets to test materials and designs for nose-cones returning from space. We launched rockets straight up. At the maximum height we turned it around and fired the second stage to drive it straight back to Earth so it could achieve the speed of an object returning from space. We were developing more and more powerful second stage rockets. We had just calculated that our newest second stage had more than enough thrust to, after the ascent, turn the rocket at right angles to the perpendicular, and fire the rocket into orbit around the earth. We could do this easily. The military were initially very enthusiastic. America could be the first nation that put a satellite in orbit. However, the authorities in Washington, not only refused us permission to try, but postponed a number of our regular launches and forbade us from talking to anyone about our capability or request for our experiment.. When Sputnik was launched into orbit a few weeks later, we were really puzzled. No one ever explained why Washington had refused us permission, but we came up with a theory: The issue of the legality under international law of one country having its satellite in orbit over another country’s airspace was not at all settled. If we did satellite reconnaissance in the future over the Soviet Union, the Russians could claim that was an act of war. And we had extensive plans to create such satellites and launch them when we solved all the technical problems in the future. We believe that the authorities knew that the Russians were about to launch Sputnik. By allowing them to be the first to launch, it would be they—not us—who would be setting the precedent of sending satellites over other nation’s airspace and claiming this was not aggression or an act of war as they thought they were way ahead of us. In addition, after WWII, President Eisenhower was having difficulty getting Congress to spend money on rocketry and satellites as well as science and technology including science and mathematics education which was then terrible in America. So allowing the Russians to “beat us” the administration had the issue that they needed, and they allowed the Russians to set the legal precedents that they would have opposed if we were ahead of them and orbited a satellite first. Either President Eisenhower and his team were brilliantly shrewd or they were pretty dumb because we easily could have put our rockets in orbit then.


Dr. Snyder was the youngest physicist at Los Alamos working on the Atom Bomb Manhattan Project. His rocketry skill was used to fire probes into the highly radioactive area to obtain samples and measurements immediately after the test bomb was exploded.