William C. Clark Quotes
What is not a risk with a parts-per-billion test can always be exposed to a parts-per-trillion examination. If rats cope with .the heaviest dose of a chemical that can be soaked into their food and water, you can always gavage them. Or try mice or rabbits. Again, the only stopping rule is discovery of the sought-for effect, or exhaustion of the investigator (or his funds). Many of the risk assessment procedures used today are logically indistinguishable from those used by the Inquisition.
“Gavage” means to force fed huge amounts of food to the animals—more than they would eat normally. If we force-fed humans regular table salt, death would result even though we do not consider salt a dangerous substance.
William C. Clark, International Science Scholar & Educator, Witches, Floods, Historical Management Perspectives On Risk Management, 1980
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William Cummin Clark is the Harvey Brooks Professor of International Science, Public Policy and Human Development at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.