J. G. Ballard Quotes
In 1949 - my father stayed on in Shanghai after the war. But in 1949, the Communists took over the whole of China, and in fact, my father was caught by the Communists in Shanghai. And he was there for about a year until he was finally able to get out.
Ballard, J. G. Interview by Neal Conan. Talk of the Nation, NPR, 13 Mar. 2008.
The Communists under Mao won the Civil War easily as the Nationalists were not only corrupt and very unpopular, but they were not very interested in the welfare of the Chinese peasants. Further Chiang was a ruthless dictator. At the time there was great pressure for America to support any faction that was anti Communist regardless of how bad they were themselves. Davies and others who thought that we should have communications with the Communists who would soon control China, were viciously attacked by Senator McCarthy who accused Davies of “loosing China” and the Senator and some other Americans thought that the Nationalists could win the Civil War. We now know that they never had a chance, but at the time they did a very good job of promoting their cause and capability in the United States and especially in Washington. None the less, in the Red Scare, Davies was fired, only to thereafter be awarded the highest civilian award in the nation in recognition of his great and patriotic work.
The Kuomintang nationalists under Chiang Kai-Shek tried to stay in power in China, but their corruption and incompetency at government lost them the support of most of the Chinese. The Chinese communists took over the government. The Nationalists then invaded the offshore island of Taiwan but claimed to be the rightful government of all of China. For many years they controlled the Chinese seat in the UN and they refused to recognize the fact that they had failed to gain the loyalty of the Chinese people.
In the 1920s and 1930s China was in chaos. Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalists were officially the government but there was extensive corruption and local “leaders” who fought for control of territories and resources. Chinese were slaughtering each other daily not unlike Bosnia in the 1990s. The Japanese had moved into Manchuria using the pretext that they were saving China by bringing order and security. (In reality they were trying to control additional territory to populate with their rapidly expanding population.) The U.S. opposed the Japanese aggression but privately warned the Chinese Nationalists that they had better get control of the nation. The Nationalists never did. The Japanese expanded into much more of China beginning WWII in Asia. The Nationalists and the communists joined forces to fight the Japanese and after the war, the communists won the allegiance of most of the people. The Chinese government was finally unified, but under the communists.
In World War II, all the Chinese political organizations united to fight the Japanese invaders. The Communists however did most of the fighting and took the heaviest casualties. He proposed turning on their weakened allies and that was accepted by Chiang Kai-shek, the Nationalist leader. They attacked the Communists under Mao and Cho En Lai and forced them to flee across the country in the “Long March”. The Nationalists and their warlords were hated by the majority of the Chinese, especially the peasants who provided help and support to the Communists while they made their escape. They then regrouped and attacked the Nationalists in the Chinese Revolution and this time Chiang Kai-shek, Bai Chongxi and the other Chinese Leaders fled. With few people to help them, they had to flee to Taiwan, and the Communists took over China. Some historians believe that it was Chiang Kai-shek’s strategy all along to hold his soldiers back and let the Communists bear the casualties with the intention of turning on then when the Japanese were expelled. Others claim that Chiang’s relatively unaggressive military action against the Japanese reflected his typical conservatism and avoidance of risk and there was no intention to attack the Communists after the war and the alliance was made in good faith. Note that the leading Muslims in China (where they are a significant minority) were allied with the Chinese Christians against the Communists. Bai Chongxi had a special Muslim newspaper which regularly published religious quoted from the Koran and the Hadith purporting to support and justify Chiang Kai-shek, a Christian, as the rightful leader of China. This was another example of Islam being hijacked for a narrow political purpose. Also, note his use of the word “bandits”. This is a huge insult in the Chinese language culture. So of course the Nationalists used it to refer to the Communists—See {613286} .
Very few societies ever had the wealth accumulated so that they could afford prolonged military operations. In addition, long, prolonged conflicts erode morale, both civilian and military. The Afghanistan War that went on for over a decade caused both and put a great strain on the U. S. national budget.
The government of Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai was totally corrupt and preyed on the Afghan people. See {629318}. The United States had committed to the turnover at the end of 2013 the responsibility for maintaining the security of Afghanistan to the Afghan military and police forces who were being trained by the Americans.
Many American ideologues assumed that the Chinese Communist Revolution would lead to an economic collapse. They did not realize that historically a competitive business economic system had been operational in the Chinese culture for thousands of years. In reality the economy was however really being suppressed somewhat by the Mau style of communism. When Deng loosened up the economic rules in China, their “Communist” system not only functioned as it had under Mao, but then thrived and China became a world economic power in just a relatively few years.
The great powers she was referring to were Russia, United States, Turkey, and Iran. However, France as the ex-colonial power and England as a major force in post Ottoman Empire control are were also important. The Assad Alawite government and the Sunni majority were at odds with nether strong enough to crush the other.
Colby was then the CIA Station Chief in Saigon. This is just one of the many memos and reports that were issued by the CIA and the Defense Department giving a positive picture of American success in the war effort. While some of these false reports were the results of optimism and wishful thinking, most were out and out fabrications. Colby, later when he became CIA director, lied and broke the law, continuing this pattern. See {62151}.
James Graham Ballard was an English novelist, short story writer, satirist, and essayist who first became associated with the New Wave of science fiction for his post-apocalyptic novels such as The Drowned World (1962). In the late 1960s, he produced a variety of experimental short stories (or "condensed novels"), such as those collected in the controversial The Atrocity Exhibition (1970). In the mid 1970s, Ballard published several novels, among them the highly controversial Crash (1973), a story about symphorophilia and car crash fetishism, and High-Rise (1975), a depiction of a luxury apartment building's descent into violent chaos.
