David Graeber Quotes
All societies are based on a sort of minimum level of communism. Otherwise, you couldn't have any social relations at all.
Graeber, David. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Melville House, 2011, p. 94.
This is a very different view from the prevailing American legal and cultural view. The United States grants patents and copyrights even when the taxpayer has paid for much of the research and development, even when the inventor was educated by the state. The difference is an intellectual and philosophical one. America is anxious to incentivize people to create and invent and especially to encourage capital to flow to R&D. Toynbee comes from an intellectual tradition where science and technology was the finest in the world, but it was done by the well-to-do for the sake of doing it. Both approaches had been immensely success for their times, but the need for technological development is so great that we should not limit it to the people of wealth and a social class for whom money may not be a driver while it is for most others.
David Rolfe Graeber was an American anthropologist and anarchist activist. His influential work in economic anthropology, particularly his books Debt: The First 5000 Years (2011) and Bullshit Jobs (2018), and his leading role in the Occupy movement, earned him recognition as one of the foremost anthropologists and left-wing thinkers of his time.