Karl August von Hardenberg Quotes
Your Majesty, we must do from above what the French have done from below.
On creating a sense of national unity and destiny:
Karl August von Hardenberg, 1750-1822, Foreign Minister & Chancellor of Prussia, Remark to King Frederick William III, after the Battle of Jena, 1806
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Paine was totally wrong on this count. It is true that monarchy and aristocracy were never the same as they had been, but the American and French Revolutions were catalysts for the monarchs and aristocrats to reform. In a Darwinian sense, monarchy and aristocracy evolved, and the early members would hardly recognize the modern aristocracy of Britain and other European countries that still have them and the Constitutional monarchs of today have almost evolved into a new specie.
This was the group that decided who was to be executed in the Reign of Terror
“Ancien regime” is a French political term for the regime that was in power before the revolution.
Karl August Fürst von Hardenberg (31 May 1750 in Essenrode-Lehre – 26 November 1822 in Genoa) was a Prussian statesman and Prime Minister of Prussia. While during his late career he acquiesced to reactionary policies, earlier in his career he implemented a variety of Liberal reforms. To him and Baron vom Stein, Prussia was indebted for improvements in its army system, the abolition of serfdom and feudal burdens, the throwing open of the civil service to all classes, and the complete reform of the educational system.