James A. Garfield Quotes
In my judgment it is the duty of Congress, while respecting to the uttermost the conscientious convictions and religious scruples of every citizen, to prohibit within its jurisdiction all criminal practices ... Nor can any ecclesiastical organization be safely permitted to usurp in the smallest degree the functions and powers of the National Government.
Garfield, James A. "Inaugural Address." A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, edited by James D. Richardson, vol. 8, Bureau of National Literature, 1897, p. 11.
Jinnah, although insisting on a Muslim state, was a modernist and assumed that there would be freedom of religion. To a certain extent he believed in separation of church and state. However, after his death Pakistan has moved ever further towards a strict adherence to Sharia and Islamic law.
James Abram Garfield was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March to September 1881. Garfield was shot by an assassin four months into his presidency and died two months later. He is the only sitting member of the United States House of Representatives to be elected to the presidency.