James S. Coleman Quotes
Grades are almost completely relative, in effect ranking students relative to others in their class. Thus extra achievement by one student not only raises his position, but in effect lowers the position of others.
Citations
Coleman, James S. "The Adolescent Subculture and Academic Achievement." American Journal of Sociology, vol. 65, no. 4, University of Chicago Press, 1960, p. 344.
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James Samuel Coleman was an American sociologist, theorist, and empirical researcher, based chiefly at the University of Chicago.