Ernest Rutherford Quotes
[From uranium] there are present at least two distinct types of radiation one that is very readily absorbed, which will be termed for convenience the α radiation, and the other of a more penetrative character, which will be termed the β radiation.
Rutherford, Ernest. "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It." Philosophical Magazine, vol. 47, no. 284, Jan. 1899, p. 116.
The letter was actually delivered to President Roosevelt on October 11. It was the stimulus for the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb. It had been drafted in large part by physicist Leo Szilard whose idea it was that Einstein sign the letter. As the world’s most prestigious scientist Einstein, Szilard felt, would make more of an impression on FDR than he, Fermi or other scientists even though Einstein was a theoretician and never did work on the development of the bomb. The military men did not understand Szilard and thought him a danger to the nation. So the two men who initiated the idea of the development of an atom bomb did not do any, of the work on it.
This was the first description of Radioactive Decay.
This is one of the most momentous quotations of all time. Otto Hahn was a German Chemist who until recently had worked with Lisa Meitner in one of the most productive scientific collaborations of all time. However, Meitner was Jewish and had to flee from Germany with Hahn’s help for her life. She went to Stockholm where they were doing almost no nuclear research and although she was a famous physicist, there was no laboratory or university that could use her talents, thus her term “empty handed”. She and Hahn had conducted a series of experiments bombarding radioactive material with particles which transmuted the radioactive element to another element nearby on the Periodic Table of the elements—an element with a close atomic number. After Meitner escaped, Hahn with Fritz Strassmann assisting, bombarded uranium the heaviest element with neutrons, the heaviest particles. However, in addition to the expected results, a substantial amount of Barium remained after the bombardment. Hahn was a brilliant experimental chemist and at first he assumed that perhaps they had identified the Barium erroneously or the data was read incorrectly, or the experiment had been contaminated. There was no explanation for it. So he sent copies of all the data to Meitner a brilliant Physicist and Mathematician who was the theoretician of their team. She studied the data with her nephew, Otto Frisch who was a young up and coming mathematician. After a few days, she had figured it out. Hahn had produced the first human induced case of nuclear fission although they gave it that name a little later. She and her nephew confirmed all the data readings mathematically and proved exactly what had happened. She refers to it in the letter as “splitting” the atom. She wrote to Hahn and explained what had happened. Without any intention of doing so, he and Strassmann were the first scientists to create a real example of nuclear fission. The world has never been the same since. Hahn and Strassmann were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS, HonFRSE was a New Zealand physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics. Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
