William Shockley Quotes
A basic truth that the history of the creation of the transistor reveals is that the foundations of transistor electronics were created by making errors and following hunches that failed to give what was expected.
Shockley, William. "The Path to the Conception of the Junction Transistor." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 23, no. 7, IEEE, July 1976, pp. 597-620.
Science has the interesting characteristic that most failures are successes in the sense that scientific knowledge is gained from the failure even if it only a guide to what not to do in the future. Politics would be well served to adopt this pragmatic approach, but ideology usually prevails in politics and errors tend to be repeated if there are supported by political philosophy or ideology.
While this is generally true, from the scientific point of view, it is not quite right. The layman and most engineers believe that scientists discover things that exist. Although they do most of the time, breakthrough’s of the last century have for example discovered new chemical elements, but there are a few that science has CREATED—they exist nowhere in nature. Scientists are beginning to develop new life forms as well as discovering already existing ones. For over a century now the science of metallurgy has created thousands of alloys that did not previously exist.
William Bradford Shockley Jr. was an American physicist and inventor. He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The three scientists were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for "their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect".
