Corruption is not, therefore, a matter of a few ‘rotten apples’ or of a venal ‘class’, even less an ‘evil’ to be eradicated by means of vigorous ‘ethical’ campaigns. On the contrary, it is a habitual part of everyday life, and expected element of every social transaction. This ought not to surprise us. As we have already emphasized, there is in Africa a marked reluctance to abide by the abstract and universalist norms of the legal-bureaucratic order that are the foundation of Western politics.