Arnold J. Toynbee Quotes


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By morally subjugating the existing laws, the scriptures, public opinion to the law of nature, Spinoza distressed many of the clerics and civil authorities of the day. Spinoiza's views were so threatenting to the established religious authorities that he was the only man in history to have been excommunicated by the Jews, the Catholics and the Muslims.


Arnold J. Toynbee
Arnold J. Toynbee
  • Born: April 14, 1889
  • Died: October 22, 1975
  • Nationality: British
  • Profession: Historian

Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH FBA was a British historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London. From 1918 to 1950, Toynbee was considered a leading specialist on international affairs.